Threshold effects in monetary and fiscal policies in a growth model: Assessing the importance of the financial system

We extend the [Barro, R., 1990. Government spending in a simple model of economic growth. Journal of Political Economy 98, 103-125] model to money financing of public expenditures, in a setup where money demand is motivated by a "transaction cost" technology, exhibiting the "cash-in-advance" specification as a special case, in the spirit of [Palivos, T., Yip, C., 1995. Government expenditure financing in an endogenous growth model: a comparison. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking 27, 1159-1178]. Allowing for productive public spending yields threshold effects between long-run growth and both income taxation and seigniorage, thus reproducing recent stylized facts. Moreover, in the cash-in-advance special case, we show that, to maximize long-run growth and/or welfare, government must use seigniorage-only or taxes only, depending on parameters, and in particular on the degree of financial development. In contrast, the general form of money demand motivated by a "transaction cost" technology produces interior solutions in which both seigniorage and taxes are used. An empirical section confirms our theoretical results.