Toolbox for multi-stakeholder climate partnerships : a policy framework to stimulate bottom-up climate actions

The aim of this study is to provide policy suggestions on bottom-up climate action in the European Union. The study draws its recommendations from a unique analysis which maps existing Europeanled multi-stakeholder initiatives that address climate change and identifies needs and challenges experienced by a range of stakeholders. The main question of this study is: "What does it take to accelerate non-state climate actions and to enhance effectiveness?" A database analysis was used to map a large number of European-led cooperative climate actions, and to provide insights into their geographical, thematic and functional characteristics. Moreover, applying a unique methodology to measure output performance, the study finds that European-led non-state actions are performing relatively well compared to the global average. The study proceeds with a survey-based analysis to indicate the most important needs and challenges as perceived by different types of non-state actors. Survey results indicate a need to go beyond 'experience sharing' practices to stimulate new and more effective climate actions. The study concludes with recommendations to address imbalanced representation of EU-led climate actions, and to meet urgent challenges through an innovative, collaborative, and institutionally light-touch policy framework.