Towards a consistent framework for analyzing behavioral design in smartphone apps

Design elements intended to influence the behavior of users are ubiquitous in smartphone apps. To date, there is no systematic framework that comprises the most common elements and their potential effects and risks to enable the analysis of behavioral design in smartphone apps. Building upon previous research, I compare different frameworks from research areas related to behavioral design. I collect and describe 91 common elements that are frequently used in smartphone apps in a synthesis framework that I call Behavioral Design Map. This framework is then exemplarily applied to analyze screenshots from six popular smartphone apps. I find that pre-existing frameworks are very heterogeneous in their scope, comprehensiveness and language. The perspective of the user and possible harmful side effects of certain legal elements are only sparsely covered. The analysis of smartphone apps using the Behavioral Design Map shows that the approach of the framework can be helpful in increasing the understanding of the application and effects of behavioral design in apps. Apps from entertainment categories appear to rely heavily on combinations of behavioral design elements based on reward mechanisms. Surprisingly, a fitness app designed for adopting a running routine applies behavioral design rather moderately.