Trade Reforms, Labor Regulations and Labor-Demand Elasticities: Empirical Evidence from India

This paper finds a positive impact of trade liberalization on labor-demand elasticities in the Indian manufacturing sector using industry-level data disaggregated by states. These elasticities turn out to be negatively related to protection levels that vary across industries and over time. Furthermore, we find that these elasticities are higher for Indian states with flexible labor regulations where they are also impacted more by trade reforms. Finally, we find that after the reforms, volatility in productivity and output gets translated into larger wage and employment volatility, theoretically a possible consequence of larger labor-demand elasticities.