Well-to-wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context : tank-to-wheels (TTW) report, version 4, July 2013

The Tank-to-Wheels study described in this report includes several different fuel-powertrain configurations for conventional (i.e. "ICE-only") as well as electrified (i.e. "xEV") vehicles. These configurations are considered for 2010 (representing vehicles on the market in the years 2008 to 2012) to characterize the current state-of-the-art in automotive industry. Version 3 of the TTW study used 2002 as base year. To give an outlook on the future technical development of passenger cars, configurations for 2020+ are presented. This Version 4.0 replaces Version 3c [Report EUR 24952 EN] published in 2011.