Where enterprise leads, finance follows. In-sample and out-of-sample evidence on the causal relation between finance and growth

Evidence on the causality between finance and growth is largely inconclusive. In this study, a large cross-sectional data set of 74 economies for the period between 1975 and 2005 is examined. We summarise evidence from in-sample and out-of-sample causality tests based on rolling estimation steps. It is found that growth impacts on financial development in a stronger way than vice versa. These findings are consistent if economies are categorised into distinct income groups.