-semester students, although instructors continued to record letter grades. We identify the causal effect of the policy on course choice … and performance, using a regression-discontinuity-in-time design. Students shifted to lower-grading STEM courses in the … first semester, but did not increase their engagement with STEM in later semesters. Letter grades of first-semester students …

collected from students who entered the treatment and 50 control departments during a 15 year period that spanned the start of …

greatest number of NMS students …

college exposure to female instructors and students, consistent with a wider role for women's colleges in increasing female …

college exposure to female instructors and students, consistent with a wider role for women‘s colleges in increasing female …

greatest number of NMS students …

-semester students, although instructors continued to record letter grades. We identify the causal effect of the policy on course choice … and performance, using a regressiondiscontinuity-in-time design. Students shifted to lower-grading STEM courses in the … first semester, but did not increase their engagement with STEM in later semesters. Letter grades of first-semester students …

strata defined by a poverty proxy. Using census data, we show that eligible children were 8 percentage points more likely to …. There is no consistent evidence of effects on ineligible children or on adult labor supply …