In this paper we analyze how increasing levels of cooperation in reserve procurement and activation affect the implied economic benefits and the respective network loads assuming various paradigms of coordination. To approach the question we construct a simulation model based on the...

To understand the impact of keeping Nord Stream 2 off the map, we model the European natural gas market from the point of view of supply security. Focusing on the network aspects, we propose a novel framework to measure supply security, combining a linear programming approach with a risk...