adherence is systematically higher along the pre-Islamic trade routes. We discuss the possible mechanisms that may give rise to … and proximity to lucrative trade routes. We argue that these elements exacerbated inequalities across diverse tribal … societies producing a conflictual environment that had the potential to disrupt trade flows. Any credible movement attempting to …

adherence is systematically larger along the pre- Islamic trade routes in the Old World. The theory argues that this particular … differential gains from trade across regions, fostering predatory behavior from the poorly endowed ones. In such an environment it … attractive. As a result, capital accumulation remained low and wealth inequality bounded. Geography and trade shaped the set of …

systematically larger along the pre-Islamic trade routes in the Old World. The theory argues that this particular type of geography … economic performance. It suggests that the unequal distribution of land endowments conferred differential gains from trade …, capital accumulation remained low and wealth inequality bounded. Geography and trade shaped the set of economically relevant …