Purpose This research aims to examine two constructs that define loyal brand relationships – greater resistance to changing their brand beliefs and attitudes (resistance to change) and greater willingness to shun competitor brands (determinism). The paper develops and tests psychometrically...

This article investigates the effect of unsolicited electronic messages, also known as spam and spim, on perceptions of e-mail and instant messaging usefulness. It is hypothesized that spam and spim should have a negative effect on electronic communication system usefulness, but the survey...