We show that regulating interchange fees at cost reduces banks' incentives to deploy free ATMs over time. Simultaneously, more and more charging ATMs are deployed by independent deployers. These results are consistent with the recent evolution of the British ATM market.

In Australia, interchange fees on shared ATM transactions have been recently removed and replaced by usage fees directly set and received by ATM owners. We develop a model to study how entry of independent ATM deployers (IADs) affects welfare under the “direct charging scheme.” We show that...