Although ads with subtle racist imagery can reinforce negative stereotypes, advertisers can eliminate this problem. After a brief overview of predominantly U.S.-based research on the racial mix of models/actors in ads, a theoretical framework for unmasking subtle racial bias is provided and...

Purpose: This study aims to summarize the important contextual influences East Asian philosophy may have on marketing strategy and consumerism. Design/methodology/approach: A qualitative approach is used to deconstruct (1) the literature on marketing as a contextual discipline, (2) East Asian...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to apply protection motivation theory (PMT) to brick-and-mortar salespeople's responses to customers' fear appeals. Design/methodology/approach: The approach is to develop a conceptual model for the effect of customers' fear appeals on brick-and-mortar...

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate masculinity in Chinese social media marketing for global luxury fashion brands through two studies. Design/methodology/approach: Study 1 compares physical characteristics of males in visually oriented US (Instagram) and Chinese (Weibo) social...

Purpose: Studies on cross-culture marketing often focus on either localization or globalization strategies. Based on data from pre-communist China (1912–1949), product hybridization – defined as a process or strategy that generates symbols, designs, behaviors and cultural identities that...