"This paper analyzes changes in the allocation of child labor within the household in reaction to exogenous shocks … compensated for some of the intra-household differences, as they reduced child labor more for older boys who used to work more and … specialization of older girls in nonagricultural and domestic work, but no overall increase in girls' child labor. The findings …

surviving children. Studies have found substantial variability across countries in the negative impacts of orphanhood on child …