we show that differences in biogeographic initial conditions and in geography largely account for the different timings … nations today. The effects of biogeography and geography on the wealth of nations are partly mediated by the quality of …

In recent years, empirical investigations have shown that various aspects of physical geography are closely related to … understanding for this type of regularities, this article reviews the growing empirical literature on geography and institutions, as … well as a large body of older and newer theoretical works on the social impacts of geography. It is argued that the most …