Personal income tax (hereinafter referred to as PIT) has a short history, as it appeared in tax systems of EU countries as late as at the end of the 18th century. As a specific universal structure it performs two economic functions: providing financial means for covering some public expenses...

The article aims to compare the taxation of the self-employed in Poland and other EU countries. We show that, for years, Poland has been at the forefront of EU countries with the highest self-employment rates. Our analysis indicates that many people in Poland chose the status of self-employed,...

The present study was designed to determine the relationship between corporate governance and tax avoidance in an international setting. Financial and governance data sourced from the Datastream database for a sample of Japanese and UK firms between 2012 and 2017 are used. First, we examine the...

Portfolio optimization is the main concern for portfolio managers. Financial securities are placed within the portfolio based on the investor's risk tolerance. The study measures the risk-reward relationship when the number of stocks in the portfolio increases. Six diverse portfolios have been...

The study addresses the benefits of a unified stock market in terms of diversification risk for the eight CEE stock markets. For this purpose, each stock market was treated as a separate portfolio based on the companies listed during 2018-2019. Portfolio diversification techniques were used to...

This paper examines the long-term dependence between the Polish and German stock markets in terms of industry beta risk estimates according to the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). The main objective of this research is to compare the Polish and German beta parameters of five Polish and three...