Though the use of tracking policies to stratify students is commonplace, evi- dence concerning the effects of ability …

outcomes for students in Lower Track Secondary Schools in Germany. We find mostly insignificant effects of the treatment on … average outcomes, which mask quite heterogeneous effects. For those students, who are taking extra coursework to continue … education, the grade point average is unaffected and the likelihood of completing a Middle Track Secondary School degree falls …

eer g rit s ignificantly in creases fu ture earnings, especially for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. This implies …

main contribution is to show that while previously ineligible high-SES students are relatively more likely to enroll in the … highest (academic) track than comparable low-SES students after the repeal, the SES gap in academic track enrollment does not … increase. The reason is that low-SES students, who were already eligible for the academic track before the repeal, increase …

has been found in some studies. The incidence and the impact of training depend on the national education and training …