in a hierarchy. The problem of designing an efficient policy to raise the status in this competition of a disadvantaged …

competition affect the incentives given to scientists, and these effects interact. First, high knowledge spillovers lead firms to … soften incentives when product market competition is high, and to strengthen incentives when competition is low. Second, the … relationship between the intensity of competition and the power of incentives is U-shaped, with the exact shape depending on the …