Purpose The purpose of this paper is to estimate the returns to rural schooling in China, addressing both endogeneity in rural individuals’ schooling and self-selection into off-farm work. Design/methodology/approach This paper exploits geographical proximity to rural secondary schools to...

This paper develops a general framework for conducting inference on the rank of an unknown matrix \Pi_0. A defining feature of our setup is the null hypothesis of the form H_0: rank(\Pi_0)\leq r. The problem is of first order importance because the previous literature focuses on H_0':...