In this paper, the random stochastic frontier model is used to estimate the technical efficiency of Japanese airports taking into regulation and heterogeneity in the variables. The airports are ranked according to their productivity for the period 1987 to 2005 and homogenous and heterogeneous...

In this paper, we attempt to identify the reasons behind the differences in environmental policy between Japan and other developed countries, particularly the US. Japan's environmental policy is unique in that voluntary approaches have been taken to reduce total emissions. This strategy is quite...