This paper generalizes Nagar's (1959) approximation to the finite sample mean squared error (MSE) of the instrumental variables (IV) estimator to the case in which the errors possess an elliptical distribution whose moments exist up to infinite order. This allows for types of excess kurtosis...

This empirical paper investigates skill formation in the youth labour market. Using event-history data collected from the administrative records of Lancashire Careers Service, we model "training preferences" formed at school by young people and "training destinations", ie the occupation of the...

Recent policy debate in Europe suggests that a shorter workweek will lead to more jobs (worksharing). We derive and estimate a model where the firm employs two types of workers, some working overtime, the rest standard hours. Worksharing is not always a prediction of the theory. Using German...

In the empirical literature on assortative matching using linked employer-employee data, unobserved worker quality appears to be "negatively" correlated with unobserved firm quality. We show that this can be caused by standard estimation error. We develop formulae that show that the estimated...

This paper provides the first estimates of the determinants of the duration of employer search in the UK. We model duration until a vacancy is either successfully filled or withdrawn from the market. The econometric techniques deal with multiple vacancies and unobserved heterogeneity (dependent...

Many health-care systems allocate funding according to measures of need. The utilisation approach for measuring need rests on the assumptions that use of health care is determined by demand and supply and that need is an important element of demand. By estimating utilisation models which allow...

Objective: Consultants employed by the NHS in England are allowed to undertake private practice to supplement their NHS income. Until the introduction of a new contract from October 2003, those employed on full-time contracts were allowed to earn private incomes no greater than 10% of their NHS...