Imagine that you own a five-outcome gamble with the following payoffs and probabilities: ($100, .20; $50, .20; $0, .20; −$25, .20; −$50, .20). What happens when the opportunity to improve such a gamble is provided by a manipulation that adds value to one outcome versus another outcome, particularly...

Estimates of risk aversion can be obtained from controlled laboratory experiments. The temporal stability of those preferences is assumed in many applications. This assumption is tested by eliciting risk aversion measures from subjects at two distinct times. Evidence consistent with the...

Loss aversion, the fact that losses have a greater impact than gains, is a fundamental property of behavioral accounts of choice. In this paper, we suggest four possible characterizations of the relative impact of losses and gains: (1) It could be a constant, such as the much cited value of 2,...