In this paper, in order to study the strategic interactions between “cooperation”, “defection” and “altruistic punishment”, a mutation-selection dynamics, with the Prisoner's Dilemma as the background, has been established on an embedded Markov chain, proved the following...

In this paper, in order to study the strategic interactions between “cooperation”, “defection” and “altruistic punishment”, a mutation-selection dynamic, with the Prisoner's Dilemma as the background, has been established on an embedded Markov chain, proved the following conclusions:...

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This article employed a voting model to describe the optimum strategy for later retirement. The results indicated that, later retirement just a emergency measure to pension shortfall. The preference to later retirement was related with the gap between actual age and legal retirement age. The...