Hydrogen is advantageous for use in internal combustion engines (ICEs) because of its high laminar flame speed and carbon-neutral characteristics. However, because of its low minimum ignition energy, abnormal combustions such as back-fire, pre-ignition, and knocking hinder its efficient supply...

In the present study, using a prototype of a dedicated hydrogen direct injector (HDI), hydrogen fuel is injected directly into the cylinder, and the effect of fuel injection timing and amount of hydrogen fuel injected on engine output performance and emissions, such as nitrogen oxides and carbon...