Meta-analysis provides a powerful tool for integrating findings from the research literature and building statistical models to explore trends and inconsistencies in the research base. Meta-analysis starts with a process for translating results from each study into an effect size that represents...

In Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank, 473 U.S. 185 (1985), the Supreme Court ruled that a property owner must sue for damages in state court to "ripen" a Fifth Amendment takings claim for federal adjudication. Two decades later, in San Remo Hotel v. City and County...

Using data on the number of men and women who received doctorates in all academic fields from 1971 to 2002, the authors examine changes in the sex composition of fields. During this period, the proportion of women who received doctorates increased dramatically from 14 percent to 46 percent....