Chlortetracycline (CTC) is widely used in the livestock industry to promote animal growth and treat diseases. Effective actions should be taken to decrease the environmental risks associated with CTC-rich waste. Biochar produced by biomass waste shows great potential for organic contaminants...

This paper develops integral equation methods to the pricing problems of perpetual Bermudan options. By mathematical derivation, the optimal exercise boundary of perpetual Bermudan options can be determined by an integral-form nonlinear equation which can be solved by a root-finding algorithm....