The European Commission appointed a team comprising ICF International, ZEW, Umweltbundesamt GmbH and Eclareon to examine the causes of changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU) during the 1995-2012 period and, specifically, to address the following questions: Which...

This report is an update of the previous Reference Scenario published in 2013. It focuses on the EU energy system, transport and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission developments, including specific sections on emission trends not related to energy, and on the various interactions among policies in...

A specific service request has been issued by the EC under Framework Service Contract CLIMA.C.2/FRA/2013/0007. The work under this contract, managed by TNO, has the objective to identify, define and assess options for Certification, Validation, and Reporting and Monitoring of fuel consumption...

A study of the GHG emission reduction potential of maritime transport up to 2030 was executed under a contract of the European Commission (contract no. CLIMA.B.3/ETU/2013/0015). In this study a reference scenario and CO2 abatement scenarios were developed for global and EU-related maritime...

The purpose of this evaluation is to provide insight into the actual performance of the Regulations and the overall impacts (both intended and unintended) on societal, economic and environmental issues. The evaluation report therefore aims to: - Establish evidence-based conclusions on the actual...

This report presents the consultants work in supporting the Commission in their review of the CCS Directive. The objective of the work presented in this study was to effectively carry out an interim evaluation of the Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Directive, including consideration of the...

This report was drafted for the Administrative Arrangement of JRC and DG CLIMA on "Analysis of greenhouse gas emission trends and drivers" and contains the literature review on emission trends and drivers, and describes two common methods of trend analysis: (i) decomposition methods for defining...

This second report of the AA on "Analysis of greenhouse gas emission trends and drivers" for DG CLIMA contains the quantitative econometric analysis at Member State level with interpretation of the results and recommendations of policy‐relevance. This report describes the systematic...

The purpose of this set of Guidance Documents is to assist stakeholders to implement Directive 2009/31/EC on the geological storage of CO2 (so called CCS Directive) in order to promote a coherent implementation of the CCS Directive throughout the European Union (EU). The guidance does not...

In 2013, the European Commission (EC) set out its strategy to integrate maritime transport emissions in the EU greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction policies (COM(2013) 479), which is a three-step strategy: 1. The implementation of a system that requires large ships using EU ports to monitor, report...