I examine the effect of Old-Age Insurance (OAI) on older women's labor-force participation in fourteen countries since around 1930. Older women's participation has risen in the US, but has fallen over time in some European countries. The discontinuity of incentives at the state pension age helps...

I examine the effect of Old-Age Insurance systems on the labor supply of older men. Male retirement behavior is crucial to the solvency of OAI systems. Historical data on participation rates and OAI rules in thirteen developed countries show rapid falls in participation among men aged 60-4 after...