Online platforms have the characteristics of a particular type of market known as ‘multi-sided'. These businesses create value by bringing advertisers and users together. Access to user data is critical to this process. On the basis of economic literature, the features of multi-sided platforms...

EU Competition Law, Data Protection and Online Platforms. Data as Essential Facility' provides a highly topical study of how EU competition law interacts with data on online platforms. All agree that the digital economy contributes to a dynamic evolution of markets and competition. Nonetheless,...

The European media industry is an essential contributor to Europe's democratic, cultural and economic life, but it faces significant competitive and technology challenges in the digital era. In line with the European Media and Audiovisual Action Plan, DG CONNECT launched two studies setting out...

With the emergence of data as an asset for market players operating in the digital economy, questions have risen about the relevance of data for competition enforcement. This article focuses on the role of data in the competitive process between online platforms including search engines, social...

Digitale Plattformen sind auf vielen Märkten aktiv und spielen deshalb auch bei Innovationen eine entscheidende Rolle. Sie selbst bringen Innovationen hervor, können aber auch bei den Plattformnutzern und anderen Akteuren des Plattformökosystems Innovationen incentivieren. Plattformen...