Heat pumps are crucial devices for the clean energy transition, aiming for carbon neutrality by 2050. These systems are highly efficient, using less energy than traditional boilers by extracting and upgrading ambient energy from the air, ground, or water. This energy can be used for heating,...

Fertilisers are products containing nutrients intended to improve the fertility of the soil or to contribute to plant nutrition. These nutrients commonly include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and other essential elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, and micronutrients like zinc and...

In the European Union (EU), high-protein crops for animal feed are defined as those having a protein content ranging between 30% and 50%. These crops are crucial for meeting the nutritional needs of certain livestock, particularly poultry and pigs. The EU categorises its plant protein sources...

Electrolysers are defined by the EU as devices that use electricity to split water into hydrogen and oxygen. This process is a key component in the production of renewable hydrogen, which the EU emphasises should be produced from renewable energy sources to ensure at least 70% greenhouse gas...

Electronic communications networks are defined as "means transmission systems, whether or not they are based on a permanent infrastructure or centralised administration capacity, and, where applicable, switching or routing equipment and other resources." The telecommunication industry consists...

Microelectronics can be defined as "electronic devices manufactured using semiconducting materials". A chip is a "set of miniaturised electronic circuits composed of active discrete devices (transistors, diodes), passive devices (capacitors, resistors) and the interconnections between them,...

Retail is the largest industrial ecosystem in the EU economy and the biggest private employer in the EU. On a daily basis, the ecosystem serves 450 million EU consumers who spend one third of their household budget on shopping. Small and medium enterprises are the backbone of the ecosystem....

The agri-food ecosystem is responsible for the diversity of foods and drinks we consume every day. It comprises of different actors in the food supply chain - from farmers and fishers and its cooperatives, the food and drink industry, food retail and wholesale, food service and suppliers of...

Tourism is a key economic activity for the EU. Especially in some EU countries, it contributes greatly to economic growth, employment, and social development. The tourism ecosystem is a highly diverse and complex one, comprising of businesses in several sectors, from accommodation suppliers to...

The mobility ecosystem comprises the entire value chain of the automotive, waterborne, rail and bike industries. It is a key industrial ecosystem crucial to economic growth and jobs in Europe and is characterised by a high level of innovation and collaboration across sectors. The mobility...