This paper argues that school grades cannot be interpreted solely as a reward for a given school performance, since … they also reflect teachers' ratings of pupils. Grades therefore contain valuable information about pupils' own - usually … effort that pupils invest in education. Getting discounted grades in year 6 for a given level of math performance assessed …

finds that among all teachers, there is no difference in the attrition rate between charter and traditional public school … school counterparts. Among new teachers who voluntarily leave or move, teaching at a charter increases the odds of leaving by … teaching high school, those with graduate degrees, and those with grater responsibilities outside of the classroom are more …

We examine the educational production function and efficiency of public school districts in Illinois. Using … in school districts. Moreover, the level of test scores, commonly used as a measure of school effectiveness, (while … related) differs substantially from our efficiency scores, and standard parametric approaches drastically underestimate school …

With girls having overtaken boys in many education indicators, the 'feminization' of elementary school teaching is … and schools for a German state, I exploit within school and within teacher variation to determine teacher characteristics …' effects on students' tracking outcomes. Germany tracks students at age 10 into more or less academic school types. I find …