This article examines how employee self-reported entrepreneurial contributions evolved in firms operating in Russia in 1995-2004 and whether changes can be explained by Akerlof's (1982) theory of implicit gift exchange in labour contracts. We find that these contributions were indeed influenced...

New firms do not yet have employees who can aid recruiting by referrals, but entrepreneurs can recruit workers they know to their startups—in effect making their own referrals. We consider new firms in Brazil’s formal sector founded between 2002 and 2014, for which at least one founding...