Purpose – Most of the fast-growing literature on business expatriates has focused on organizational expatriates (OEs) who have been assigned by their parent companies to the foreign location. However, there is much less research on self-initiated expatriates (SIE), who themselves have decided...

Purpose – Through a large-scale quantitative study, this paper aims to test and extend the qualitative findings of Richardson and McKenna and of Osland on reasons to expatriate and relate them to work outcomes. Design/methodology/approach – Examining how reasons to expatriate may affect work...