We find strong evidence that when the customer base is more concentrated, the supplier firm's CEO receives more risk-taking incentives in compensation. This finding is robust to numerous alternative specifications and to different approaches that mitigate endogeneity concerns. Further, we show...

This paper studies how managerial compensation is shaped by the risk preference of shareholders. Firms with a large ownership held by "dual holders'' -- institutional investors that simultaneously hold equity and bonds of the company -- choose a less risk-inducing compensation structure....