that the social environment of individuals and attachments to culture of origin has a strong association with identity … experience an employment penalty. -- Ethnic minorities ; identity ; social networks ; white's norm …

that the social environment of individuals and attachments to culture of origin has a strong association with identity …

remains. The ethnic identity entered the field of labor and migration economics in an effort to better explain the economic … identity is a major issue; even more challenging is to measure its impact on economic outcomes such as the probability to work … or the earnings of immigrants. The thin but burgeoning theoretical and empirical literature shows that ethnic identity …

broader trends in racial disparities, and the emerging literature on the construction of race and individual identity. …

Antman and Duncan (2014, 2015) document how racial identity responds to state affirmative action policy. The main … contribution of our work was to show that racial identity responds to state affirmative action policy. A coding error was recently … identity responds to state affirmative action policy, albeit with a different conclusion for multiracial blacks, and are now …

; but that that there are variations in identity acculturation across minority groups and by generation. We also show that …