Variation in treatment effects has important implications for education practice—and for facilitating the most efficient use of limited resources—by informing decisions about how best to target interventions and how to improve the design or implementation of interventions....

This paper, commissioned by the National Center for Education Research, provides readers with an introduction to PN-RCTs and ways to design and analyze the results from them. This paper was written primarily for applied education researchers with introductory knowledge of quantitative impact...

Variation in treatment effects has important implications for education practice—and for facilitating the most efficient use of limited resources—by informing decisions about how best to target interventions and how to improve the design or implementation of interventions....