What legal basis is there for retaliating against China’s exchange-rate policy? This column says that IMF rules are likely inadequate to rule against China, while its policy does not constitute a WTO-punishable export subsidy. It argues that exchange-rate conflicts should be handled by a...

The article explores the relationship between free transfer clauses and exchange restrictions. The transfer of funds provision is a common feature of BITs, albeit of limited practical relevance thus far. The free transfer provision is particularly important in difficult economic times, when the...

Investment treaties are some of the most controversial yet least understood instruments of global economic governance. Public interest in international investment arbitration is growing, and some developed and developing countries are beginning to revisit their investment treaty policies. The...

This chapter examines the rise and fall of the International Financial Commission in Greece, set against the background of Greek public finances in the 19th century. The IFC played a central role in Greek economic life up to and throughout the interwar period. It is a leading example of a...

This encyclopedia entry reviews the relationship between international trade law and human rights law. Trade and economic globalization aim to enhance economic growth and the well-being of states and their populations. Both trade and human rights law have traditionally been concerned with...

This chapter argues that current international financial law is largely toothless and dangerously underdeveloped. The sea change in international finance since 1990 seems to have bypassed the public international law of finance and international financial lawyers. Despite dazzling growth in...

Investment tribunals often profess fidelity to the rules on treaty interpretation contained in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT). At first sight, they mention Article 31 and 32 VCLT with reassuring regularity. But first impressions may lead astray. My hypothesis is that many...