obstacles to innovation. We propose a discrete test of supermodularity in innovation policy leading to a number of inequality … evidence regarding the existence of complementarity in innovation policies depends on the phase of innovation that is targeted …This paper develops a framework for testing discrete complementarities in innovation policy using European data on …

substitutability of fixed factors in production, and the extent to which innovation is biased towards land-saving technologies. This … addition, I find evidence that denser populations – and hence higher land scarcity – induced innovation towards land …

research grants than for development grants. We also find cross-scheme effects that may arise due to complementarity between …