European countries do less research than Japan and the United States. We use a quantitative multi-country growth model … to ask: (i) Why is this so? (ii) Would there be any benefit to expanding research in Europe? (iii) What would various … European research promotion policies do? We find that (i) Europe's lower research effort has more to do with the smaller …

system of private and public universities, government subsidies to universities through peer-reviewed research grants rather …