This study examines the relationship between gender-related aid and legal frameworks governing women's economic opportunities. Using data from 116 countries (2009-2022), we analyze how significant (SGRA) and principal (PGRA) gender-related aid influence the Women, Business, and Law (WBL) Index,...

The Covid-19 pandemic caused a global economic crisis, leading governments to provide substantial State Aid to support firms. This paper examines the effectiveness of Covid-related financial support in Spain and Italy, focusing on its impact on firm recovery. Using a difference-in-differences...

The Covid-19 pandemic caused a global economic crisis, leading governments to provide substantial State Aid to support firms. This paper examines the effectiveness of Covid-related financial support in Spain and Italy, focusing on its impact on firm recovery. Using a difference-in-differences...

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to HIV treatment in Vietnam. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+ countries.

In 2023, migrants accounted for almost half of new HIV diagnoses in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA) remaining a key population affected by HIV across the European region. Migrants living with HIV face numerous intersecting stigmas related to their HIV and migration status,...

This evidence brief summarises the progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.3 to 'end the epidemic of AIDS' in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA). It is largely based on data collected by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) through an...

HIV has been a nationally notifiable disease in France since 2003, undergoing a transition from paper forms to an online reporting system in 2016. The main objectives of the HIV surveillance in France are to efficiently estimate the number of new HIV diagnoses and then to carry out annual...

HIV infection continues to affect the health and well-being of nearly 2.6 million people in the WHO European Region, particularly in the eastern part of the Region. This report is the latest in a series published jointly by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the...

This study examines how student aid eligibility influences application decisions to higher education using administrative data from France. We study the impact of a change in income thresholds for aid eligibility. We find that aid eligibility did not have a uniform effect on students'...

The purpose of the report is to provide information on access to Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treatment in Ghana. This information is relevant to the application of international protection status determination (refugee status and subsidiary protection) and migration legislation in EU+...

If the AIDS epidemic is to be brought to end by 2030, it is crucial to combat HIV-related stigma and discrimination in healthcare settings, as per United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal 3 Target 3.3 [1] and the Paris Declaration [2]. The UNAIDS target related to stigma and...

In 2021, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) updated the HIV targets for 2025 as part of the global strategy to end AIDS by 2030. The updated targets are for 95% of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) to be diagnosed, 95% of those diagnosed to be on antiretroviral treatment...

This evidence brief summarises key issues and priorities for action in Europe and Central Asia on PrEP. It is based on data collected between February and August 2023, for the period 2022. If countries do not have data for 2022, the latest available data is reported. This report is based on data...

In 2021 and 2022, a survey was developed to assess the impact of COVID-19 on HIV service delivery and monitoring capacity in Europe and Central Asia. Countries were asked whether COVID-19 had an impact on several HIV-specific and non-HIV specific services compared to pre-COVID levels. Although...

This evidence brief summarises the progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.3 to 'end the epidemic of AIDS' in the European Union and European Economic Area. It is largely based on data collected between February and August 2023 by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control...

Sex workers are a key population affected by HIV across Europe. Their vulnerability becoming infected with HIV is increased because of the generally criminalised and stigmatised nature of sex work, which can result in a marginalised existence for sex workers and consequent difficulties...

I study the impacts of exposure to one of Africa's largest circular migration flows using an arbitrary border within Mozambique that, from 1893 to 1942, separated areas where young men were either pushed into or prevented from migrating. Counterintuitively, but consistent with historical...

We show that ordinary appointments can act as effective substitutes for hard commitment devices and increase demand for a critical healthcare service, particularly among those with self-control problems. We show this using an experiment that randomly offered HIV testing appointments and hard...

This study investigates the effectiveness of gender-mainstreamed aid in mitigating gender inequality. We develop a robust theoretical model that accounts for the potential positive and perceived negative effects of shifts toward gender parity, capturing diverse societal perspectives. Utilizing a...

This study examines how student aid eligibility influences application decisions to higher education using administrative data from the French national centralized platform. We employ a difference-in-differences approach following a change in the income thresholds for aid eligibility. We find...

Drawing from a growing body of literature on development aid in fragile contexts, this paper investigates the effectiveness of COVID-19 aid in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). The paper uses the OECD's Principles for Good International Engagement in Fragile States and Situations to...

Disaggregation of mortality by cause has advanced the development of life tables for life insurance and pension purposes. However, the assumption that the causes of death are independent is a challenge in reality. Furthermore, models that determine relationships among causes of death such as...

This paper establishes new evidence that an enduring societal factor - genetic diversity - is linked with HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. We show that higher genetic diversity has a mitigating effect on to the spread of HIV. Importantly, the linked between genetic diversity and HIV...

Longer life expectancy can affect individuals’ incentives to work, save and marry, net of any changes in their underlying health. We test this hypothesis by using the sudden arrival of a new treatment in 1995 that dramatically increased life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. We compare...

Longer life expectancy can affect individuals' incentives to work, save, and marry, net of any changes in their underlying health. We test this hypothesis by using the sudden arrival of a new treatment in 1995 that dramatically increased life expectancy for HIV-infected individuals. We compare...

Probabilistic risk beliefs are key drivers of economic and health decisions, but people are not always certain about their beliefs. We study these "imprecise probabilities", also known as ambiguous beliefs. We show that imprecision is measurable separately from the levels of risk beliefs. People...

Although the provision of security to all their citizens is a state's fundamental duty, over 50 countries experienced armed conflict in 2021. The international development community has identified armed conflict as an impediment to development and provides considerable resources to reduce armed...

Is there any possibility that foreign aid may negatively affect African social ties? To answer such a question, this paper examines the impact of local Chinese aid projects on social capital in Africa. China or Chinese contractors directly control or operate Chinese projects in Africa. This...

In recent years, migrants have accounted for more than 40% of new HIV diagnoses in the EU/EEA. Migrants living with HIV can face numerous intersecting stigmas related to their HIV and migration status, as well as broader racial and cultural discrimination. For the purposes of this report,...

This report presents HIV/AIDS surveillance data for 2022, a year marked by increased population movements1 across Europe that have had an impact on HIV trends, particularly in European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries. In addition to the increased movement of people, the...

In 2021, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) updated the HIV targets for 2025 as part of the global strategy to end HIV transmission by 2030. The updated targets are for 95% of all people living with HIV (PLHIV) to be diagnosed, 95% of those diagnosed to be on antiretroviral...

This report presents the situation of HIV testing in Europe and Central Asia, summarising data on the implementation of national guidelines that shape HIV testing policies, the provision and uptake of HIV testing services and efforts being made to widen engagement with HIV testing and reduce...

This evidence brief summarises the progress towards UN Sustainable Development Goal 3.3 to 'eliminate the epidemic of AIDS' in Europe and Central Asia. It is largely based on data collected between February and August 2022 by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) to...

This report describes the methods and findings of systematic reviews of the literature undertaken to update the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) 2011 joint guidance on 'Prevention and control of...

Female sex workers are a key population who experience a disproportionately high burden of HIV and sexually transmitted infections. A growing body of evidence suggests that financial incentives can reduce risky sexual behavior and the incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections;...