Construct validation of a Theory X/Y behavior scale

Purpose – This paper aims to discuss the historical importance and current relevance of Douglas McGregor's Theory X and Y, and to suggest that the paucity of related empirical research is, in part, attributable to the lack of validated measures. The present research seeks to describe the development and construct validation of a measure pertinent to Theory X/Y behaviors. Design/methodology/approach – Surveys completed by 512 working adults provide the present data. A total of 26 initial Theory X/Y behavior items are reduced to 13 through factor analysis. Convergent and discriminant validities are examined through correlational and regression analyses with measures of proximal, distal, and unrelated constructs. Test re‐test reliability is assessed using longitudinal panel data from a subset of respondents. Findings – The results provide evidence of the construct validity of the new measure. Research limitations/implications – Respondents are relatively young and drawn from one region of the USA. Future research should collect multi‐source and multi‐level data. Practical implications – The 13‐item scale may be useful as a diagnostic tool for individual and organizational development. Originality/value – This paper represents the first research endeavor that focuses on construct‐validating a measure of managerial X/Y behaviors, as distinct from attitudes. The scale can be used in substantive research, including a more robust test of McGregor's theorizing.