Irto, Giuseppe; Kharitonov, Ivan; Nishikawa, Taro; … - 2025
We study how Europe could replace US support for Ukraine both (i) financially, in terms of the fiscal effort required … effort To replace US aid flows and keep total support at the same level: Europe needs to double its yearly support to an … Poland and the Netherlands do. In short: Europe as a whole would need to follow Scandinavia's or Poland's example. In …