On the basis of empirical research, a model of the internationalization process of the firm is developed. The model focuses on the gradual acquisition, integration and use of knowledge about foreign markets and operations, and on the incrementally increasing commitments to foreign markets. In...

This paper analytically and graphically examines the Uppsala model's risk formula (Johanson & Vahlne, 1977) in its two variables: commitment and uncertainty. The graphical treatment of the variables demonstrates the internationalization mechanism's consistency with the risk formula. In...

The globalization of a firm is a time-consuming and incremental process similar in nature to the internationalization process. We adapt the Uppsala Internationalization Process Model ([Johanson and Vahlne, 1977] and [Johanson and Vahlne, 2009]) to explain the globalization process. We define...

The Uppsala internationalization process model is revisited in the light of changes in business practices and theoretical advances that have been made since 1977. Now the business environment is viewed as a web of relationships, a network, rather than as a neoclassical market with many...

We define globalization as the geographical dispersion of multinational enterprises (MNEs)’ value chain, in combination with increased inter-regional coordination, and use detailed firm-level data to show that 12 of Sweden’s 17 largest manufacturing companies indeed are global. By developing...

The aim of this study was to examine the growth rates of Swedish multinational corporations. An attempt was made to answer the question of whether the MNCs have grown faster than has the Swedish manufacturing industry and, if so, to investigate the extent to which this can be explained by...

Using unique firm-level data from almost the entire stock of acquired foreign-owned manufacturing affiliates in Sweden in 1993, we analyse the extent to which TNCs are able to tap into foreign sources of technological competence. Far from all TNCs appear to be involved in the coordination and...

Based on the key assumptions that firms are opportunity seeking and that they gain critical knowledge operating in a network of relationships, this paper focuses on early expansion in foreign market networks. In particular, the paper examines the relation between experience and...