Although methods for latent variable modeling that allow a joint analysis of measurement and theory have become popular, they are not without difficulties. As these difficulties have become more apparent, several researchers have recently called for a “two-step approach†to latent...

Confirmatory multidimensional scaling (CMDS) is presented as a spatial technique for structural modeling based on ordinal assumptions, and as an alternative to metric techniques such as LISREL. The article links both techniques to the multitrait-multimethod matrix and presents a system for...

This article develops and tests alternative models of market-level expectations, perceived product performance, and customer satisfaction. Market performance expectations are argued to be largely rational in nature yet adaptive to changing market conditions. Customer satisfaction is...