This report examines the background to EU rules on the burden of proof, the development of principles laid down in the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and their application to the Racial and Employment Equality Directives in proceedings before civil and labour...

This report was drafted by the Network of Legal Experts in the Non-Discrimination Field. It examines the theoretical implications as well as the implementation and application on the national level of the anti-discrimination provisions requiring the reversal of the burden of proof from the...

In EU law, the Racial Equality Directive (RED) prohibits discrimination on the grounds of racial or ethnic origin without defining them. However, their broad or narrow interpretation impacts on a wide array of issues ranging from material scope and the qualification of claims to data collection...

Citizens across the European Union need to know more not only about their right to equal treatment but also about the legal and other avenues they can pursue when seeking to remedy a violation of this right. Surveys, such as successive Eurobarometers, indicate a relatively low awareness of the...